1. What is C++?
C++ is a high-level, general-purpose programming language developed as an extension of the C programming language. It provides features such as object-oriented programming, classes, and templates.
2. What is the difference between C and C++?
C++ is an extension of C with additional features like classes and objects, while C is a procedural programming language. C++ supports object-oriented programming, making it more versatile for complex projects.
3. What are the different data types present in C++?
The 4 data types in C++ are given below:
- Primitive Datatype(basic datatype). Example- char, short, int, float, long, double, bool, etc.
- Derived datatype. Example- array, pointer, etc.
- Enumeration. Example- enum
- User-defined data types. Example- structure, class, etc.
4. What is the difference between struct and class?
In C++ a structure is the same as a class except for a few differences like security. The difference between struct and class are given below:
| Structure | Class |
|---|---|
| Members of the structure are public by default. | Members of the class are private by default. |
| When deriving a struct from a class/struct, default access specifiers for base class/struct are public. | When deriving a class, default access specifiers are private. |
5. What is operator overloading?
Operator Overloading is a very essential element to perform the operations on user-defined data types. By operator overloading we can modify the default meaning to the operators like +, -, *, /, <=, etc.
For example -
The following code is for adding two complex number using operator overloading-
class complex{private: float r, i;public: complex(float r, float i){ this->r=r; this->i=i; } complex(){} void displaydata(){ cout<<”real part = “<<r<<endl; cout<<”imaginary part = “<<i<<endl; } complex operator+(complex c){ return complex(r+c.r, i+c.i); }};int main(){complex a(2,3);complex b(3,4);complex c=a+b;c.displaydata();return 0;}6. Explain constructor in C++
The constructor is a member function that is executed automatically whenever an object is created. Constructors have the same name as the class of which they are members so that compiler knows that the member function is a constructor. And no return type is used for constructors.
Example:
class A{ private: int val; public: A(int x){ //one argument constructor val=x; } A(){ //zero argument constructor }}int main(){ A a(3); return 0;}7. Tell me about virtual function
Virtual function is a member function in the base class that you redefine in a derived class. A virtual function is declared using the virtual keyword. When the function is made virtual, C++ determines which function is to be invoked at the runtime based on the type of the object pointed by the base class pointer.
8. Compare compile time polymorphism and Runtime polymorphism
The main difference between compile-time and runtime polymorphism is provided below:
| Compile-time polymorphism | Run time polymorphism |
|---|---|
| In this method, we would come to know at compile time which method will be called. And the call is resolved by the compiler. | In this method, we come to know at run time which method will be called. The call is not resolved by the compiler. |
| It provides fast execution because it is known at the compile time. | It provides slow execution compared to compile-time polymorphism because it is known at the run time. |
| It is achieved by function overloading and operator overloading. | It can be achieved by virtual functions and pointers. |
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Example -
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Example - |
9. What do you know about friend class and friend function?
A friend class can access private, protected, and public members of other classes in which it is declared as friends.
Like friend class, friend function can also access private, protected, and public members. But, Friend functions are not member functions.
For example -
class A{ private: int data_a; public: A(int x){ data_a=x; } friend int fun(A, B);}class B{ private: int data_b; public: A(int x){ data_b=x; } friend int fun(A, B);}int fun(A a, B b){ return a.data_a+b.data_b;}int main(){ A a(10); B b(20); cout<<fun(a,b)<<endl; return 0;}Here we can access the private data of class A and class B.
10. What are the C++ access specifiers?
In C++ there are the following access specifiers:
Public: All data members and member functions are accessible outside the class.
Protected: All data members and member functions are accessible inside the class and to the derived class.
Private: All data members and member functions are not accessible outside the class.
11. Define inline function
If a function is inline, the compiler places a copy of the code of that function at each point where the function is called at compile time. One of the important advantages of using an inline function is that it eliminates the function calling overhead of a traditional function.
12. What is a reference in C++?
A reference is like a pointer. It is another name of an already existing variable. Once a reference name is initialized with a variable, that variable can be accessed by the variable name or reference name both.
For example-
int x=10;int &ref=x; //reference variableIf we change the value of ref it will be reflected in x. Once a reference variable is initialized it cannot refer to any other variable. We can declare an array of pointers but an array of references is not possible.
13. What do you mean by abstraction in C++?
Abstraction is the process of showing the essential details to the user and hiding the details which we don’t want to show to the user or hiding the details which are irrelevant to a particular user.
14. Is deconstructor overloading possible? If yes then explain and if no then why?
No destructor overloading is not possible. Destructors take no arguments, so there’s only one way to destroy an object. That’s the reason destructor overloading is not possible.
15. What do you mean by call by value and call by reference?
In call by value method, we pass a copy of the parameter is passed to the functions. For these copied values a new memory is assigned and changes made to these values do not reflect the variable in the main function.
In call by reference method, we pass the address of the variable and the address is used to access the actual argument used in the function call. So changes made in the parameter alter the passing argument.
16. What is an abstract class and when do you use it?
A class is called an abstract class whose objects can never be created. Such a class exists as a parent for the derived classes. We can make a class abstract by placing a pure virtual function in the class.
17. What are destructors in C++?
A constructor is automatically called when an object is first created. Similarly when an object is destroyed a function called destructor automatically gets called. A destructor has the same name as the constructor (which is the same as the class name) but is preceded by a tilde.
Example:
class A{ private: int val; public: A(int x){ val=x; } A(){ } ~A(){ //destructor }}int main(){ A a(3); return 0;}18. What are the static members and static member functions?
When a variable in a class is declared static, space for it is allocated for the lifetime of the program. No matter how many objects of that class have been created, there is only one copy of the static member. So same static member can be accessed by all the objects of that class.
A static member function can be called even if no objects of the class exist and the static function are accessed using only the class name and the scope resolution operator ::
19. What is a copy constructor?
A copy constructor is a member function that initializes an object using another object of the same class.
Example-
class A{int x,y;A(int x, int y){ this->x=x; this->y=y;}};int main(){A a1(2,3);A a2=a1; //default copy constructor is calledreturn 0;}We can define our copy constructor. If we don’t define a copy constructor then the default copy constructor is called.
20. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy?
The difference between shallow copy and a deep copy is given below:
| Shallow Copy | Deep Copy |
|---|---|
| Shallow copy stores the references of objects to the original memory address. | Deep copy makes a new and separate copy of an entire object with its unique memory address. |
| Shallow copy is faster. | Deep copy is comparatively slower. |
| Shallow copy reflects changes made to the new/copied object in the original object. | Deep copy doesn’t reflect changes made to the new/copied object in the original object |
21. What is the difference between virtual functions and pure virtual functions?
A virtual function is a member function in the base class that you redefine in a derived class. It is declared using the virtual keyword.
Example-
class base{public: virtual void fun(){ }};A pure virtual function is a function that has no implementation and is declared by assigning 0. It has no body.
Example-
class base{public: virtual void fun()=0;};Here, = sign has got nothing to do with the assignment, and value 0 is not assigned to anything. It is used to simply tell the compiler that a function will be pure and it will not have anybody.
22. If class D is derived from a base class B. When creating an object of type D in what order would the constructors of these classes get called?
The derived class has two parts, a base part, and a derived part. When C++ constructs derived objects, it does
so in phases. First, the most-base class(at the top of the inheritance tree) is constructed. Then each child class is
constructed in order until the most-child class is constructed last.
So the first Constructor of class B
will be called and then the constructor of class D will be called.
During the destruction exactly reverse order is followed. That is destructor starts at the most-derived class and
works its way down to base class.
So the first destructor of class D will be called and then the destructor of
class B will be called.
23. Can we call a virtual function from a constructor?
Yes, we can call a virtual function from a constructor. But the behavior is a little different in this case. When a virtual function is called, the virtual call is resolved at runtime. It is always the member function of the current class that gets called. That is the virtual machine doesn’t work within the constructor.
For example-
class base{ private: int value; public: base(int x){ value=x; } virtual void fun(){ }}class derived{ private: int a; public: derived(int x, int y):base(x){ base *b; b=this; b->fun(); //calls derived::fun() } void fun(){ cout<<”fun inside derived class”<<endl; }}24. What are void pointers?
A void pointer is a pointer which is having no datatype associated with it. It can hold addresses of any type.
For example-
void *ptr; char *str;p=str; // no error str=p; // error because of type mismatchWe can assign a pointer of any type to a void pointer but the reverse is not true unless you typecast it as
str=(char*) ptr;25. What is this pointer in C++?
The member functions of every object have a pointer named this, which points to the object itself. The value of this is set to the address of the object for which it is called. It can be used to access the data in the object it points to.
Example
class A{ private: int value; public: void setvalue(int x){ this->value=x; }};int main(){ A a; a.setvalue(5); return 0;}26. Code Snippet: Hello World in C++
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}